Chapter 1: Introduction

After reading this chapter, readers should be able to:

• Understand what adolescence is and define the SRH rights of adolescents
• Describe the capacities of adolescents to shape their own health outcomes
• Distinguish the unique risk factors and SRH needs of different groups of adolescents
• Explain the unique SRH needs and barriers adolescents face during humanitarian emergencies
• Describe why humanitarians should prioritize ASRH activities from the onset of an emergency

DOWNLOAD CHAPTER ONE

Please note, links to other chapters within the toolkit will not work in Chapter PDFs. Instead, download the full PDF.

• Advocated for Youth. (2003). The Sexual and Reproductive Health of Youth: A Global Snapshot. Retrieved from https://www.advocatesforyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/storage/advfy/documents/fsglobal.pdf
• AMCHR. (2013). Adolescent Development. Retrieved from http://www.amchp.org/programsandtopics/AdolescentHealth/projects/Pages/AdolescentDevelopment.aspx
• Ana Maria Buller & Marie Celine Schulte. (2018) Aligning human rights and social norms for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09688080.2018.1542914
• ARROW. (2016). Myanmar/Burma Breaking Barriers: Advocating Sexual and Reproductive Rights. Retrieved from https://arrow.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Myanmar-Burma-Country-Study.pdf
• Betancourt T, Thomson D, Brennan R, et al. (2019). Stigma and Acceptance of Sierra Leone's Child Soldiers: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Adult Mental Health and Social Functioning. Retrieved from 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.026
• Blake M, Drezett J, Vertamatti M, et al. (2014). Characteristics Sexual Violence Against Adolescent Girls and Adult Women. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-15
• Bloom M. (2018). Chapter 1, Part III: Child Soldiers in Armed Conflict. Armed Conflict Survey 2018. Retrieved from https://www.iiss.org/publications/armed-conflict-survey/2018/armed-conflict-survey-2018/acs2018-03-essay-3
• Buller A & Schulte M. (2018). Aligning human rights and social norms for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
• CARE & Promundo. (2017). Men and boys in displacement: Assistance and protection challenges for unaccompanied boys and men in refugee contexts. Retrieved from https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FINAL_CARE-Promundo_Men-and-boys-in-displacement_2017-1.pdf.
• CARE. (2006). A Model for Community-Based Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Nkundabana. Retrieved from https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/media/k2/attachments/Rwanda.pdf
• CARE. (2017). Why Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health in Emergencies is Life-Saving. Retrieved from https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/development-blog/why-access-to-sexual-and-reproductive-health-in-emergencies-is-life-saving
• Castro F, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Braverman-Bronstein A, et al. (2018). Adolescent Access to Information on Contraceptives: A Mystery Client Study in Mexico. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.001
• CDC. (2020). The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/publichealthissue/social-ecologicalmodel.html
• Cleveland Clinic. (2018). Adolescent Development. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7060-adolescent-development
• Compact for Young People in Humanitarian Action. Retrieved from https://www.youthcompact.org/
• Dahl R., Allen N, Wilbrecht L, et al. (2018). Importance of Investing in Adolescence From a Developmental Science Perspective. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25770
• Decker M, Wood S, Ndinda E, et al. (2018). Sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women in Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled implementation trial of empowerment self-defense training. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6220-0
• Desrosier A, Betancourt T, Kergoat Y, et al. (2020). A systematic review of sexual and reproductive health interventions for young people in humanitarian and lower-and-middle-income country settings. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08818-y
• Erulkar A & Medhin G. (2017). Evaluation of a Safe Spaces Program for Girls in Ethiopia. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2017.100108
• Every Woman Every Child. (2017). Technical Guidance for Prioritizing Adolescent Health. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_EWEC_Report_EN_WEB.pdf
• GAGE. (2018). Adolescents with Disabilities: Enhancing resilience and delivering inclusive development. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12323.pdf
• Girls not Brides. (2015). Why Does Child Marriage Happen? Retrieved from https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/why-does-it-happen/
• Girls not Brides. (2017). Child Marriage in Humanitarian Settings. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Children/HumanitarianSituations/GirlsNotBrides.pdf
• Golden S & Earp J. (2012). Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Education & Behavior Health Promotion Interventions. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1090198111418634
• Gore F, Bloem P, Patton G, et al. (2011). Global Burden of Disease in Young People Aged 10-24. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6
• Guttmacher Institute. (2017). The Sexual and Reproductive health Needs of Very Young Adolescents Aged 10-14 in Developing Countries: What Does the Evidence Show? Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/report/srh-needs-very-young-adolescents-in-developing-countries
• Guttmacher Institute. (2017). The Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Very Young Adolescents Aged 10-14 in Developing Countries: What does the Evidence Show? Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/srh-needs-very-young-adolescents-report_0.pdf
• Guttmacher Institute. (2018). Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-worldwide-2017#incidence-of-induced-abortion-current-levels-and-recent-trends
• Guttmacher Institute. (2020). Investing in Adolescents’ Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/adding-it-up-investing-in-sexual-reproductive-health-adolescents
• Guttmacher Institute. (2020). From Bad to Worse: The COVID-19 Pandemic Risks Further Undermining Adolescents’ Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Many Countries. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2020/08/bad-worse-covid-19-pandemic-risks-further-undermining-adolescents-sexual-and#
• Healthy Children. (2019). Stages of Adolescence. Retrieved from http://www.amchp.org/programsandtopics/AdolescentHealth/projects/Pages/AdolescentDevelopment.aspx
• IAWG. (2007). Community Pathways to Improved Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Conceptual Framework and Suggested Outcome Indicators. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/asrh_pathways.pdf
• IAWG. (2018). Inter-Agency Field Manual on Reproductive Health in Humanitarian Settings. Retrieved from https://iawgfieldmanual.com/
• IAWG. (2018). Inter-Agency Field Manual on Reproductive Health in Humanitarian Settings. Retrieved from https://iawgfieldmanual.com/
• Ipas. (2011). Abortion Care for Young Women: A training toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.ipas.org/resource/abortion-care-for-young-women-a-training-toolkit/
• IRC. (2017). Protecting and Empowering Adolescent Girls from Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies. Retrieved from https://www.rescue-uk.org/sites/default/files/document/1590/p708ircadolescentgirlspolicylowressinglepages1012171.pdf
• Jaworska N & MacQueen G. (2015). Adolescence as a Unique Developmental Period. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150268.
• Johnson SB, Blum RW & Giedd, JN. (2009). Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016
• Kawakita T, Wilson K, Grantz K, et al. (2016). Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Adolescent Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.08.006
• Kerner B, Manohar S, Mazzacurati C, et al. (2012) Adolescent Sexual and reproductive Health in Humanitarian Settings. Retrieved from https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/young-and-out-of-place/kerner-et-al.pdf
• Kinghorn A, Shanaube K, Toska E, et al. (2018). Defining Adolescence: Priorities From a Global Health Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(18)30096-8/fulltext
• Ligiero D, Hart C, Fulu E, et al. (2019). What works to prevent sexual violence against children: Evidence Review. Together for Girls. Retrieved from https://togetherforgirls.org/svsolutions
• Meyer, I. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
• OCHA. (2012). OCHA on Message: Humanitarian Principles. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM-humanitarianprinciples_eng_June12.pdf
• OECD. (2015). States of Fragility 2015: Meeting Post-2015 Ambitions. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/states-of-fragility-2015_9789264227699-en
• OHCHR. (2020). Child, early and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/women/wrgs/pages/childmarriage.aspx
• Pande P, Seale H & Razee H. (2019). Exploring the factors impacting on access and acceptance of sexual and reproductive health services provided by adolescent-friendly health services in Nepal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220855
• Papri F, Khanam Z, Ara S, et al. (2016). Adolescent Pregnancy: Risk Factors, Outcome and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.banglajol.info/ind...
• Patton G, Olsson C, Skirbekk V, et al. (2018). Adolescence and the Next Generation. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25759
• Plan International. (2018). Girls in Crisis: Putting children’s rights, especially those of marginalized girls, at the centre of disaster preparedness and response. Retrieved from https://plan-international.org/humanitarian-aid
• Population Council. (2012). A Girls First! Publication. The Health of Vulnerable Adolescent Girls: A strategic Investment for Double Return. Retrieved from https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2012PGY_GirlsFirst_Health.pdf
• Population Council. (2013). Girls on the Move: Adolescent Girls & Migration in the Developing World. Retrieved from https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1762&context=departments_sbsr-pgy
• Population Council. (2016). Building Girls’ Protective Assets: A Collection of Tools for Program Design. Retrieved from https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2016PGY_GirlsProtectiveAssetsTools.pdf
• Roemer R & Paxman J. (1985). Sex Education Laws and Policies. Studies in Family Planning. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/1967084
• Salam R, Faqqah A, Sajjad N, et al. (2016). Improving Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review of Potential Interventions. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.022.
• Save the Children. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: Improving the health and futures of adolescents and their communities. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.org/us/what-we-do/health/adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health
• Save the Children. (2019). Very Young Adolescent Sexual & Reproductive Health and Gender Program: Design Guide. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/15044/pdf/VYA-Formatted_Final-Web.pdf
• Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium. (2016). The many faces of transactional sex: Women’s agency, livelihoods and risk factors in humanitarian contexts: A Literature Review. Retrieved from https://edepot.wur.nl/401283
• Shah I & Åhman E. (2012). Unsafe abortion differentials in 2008 by age and developing country region: high burden among young women. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22789095/#:~:text=Forty%2Done%20per%20cent%20of,are%20in%20the%20Africa%20region
• Shirin F, Khanam Z, Ara S, et al. (2016). Adolescent Pregnancy: Risk Factors, Outcome and Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305393238_Adolescent_Pregnancy_Risk_Factors_Outcome_and_Prevention/citation/download
• SIDA. (2015). Preventing and Responding to Gender-Based Violence: Expressions and Strategies. Retrieved from https://www.sida.se/contentassets/3a820dbd152f4fca98bacde8a8101e15/preventing-and-responding-to-gender-based-violence.pdf
• Solo J & Festin M. (2019). Provider Bias in Family Planning Services: A Review of Its Meaning and Manifestations. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31515240
• Starrs A, Ezeh A, Ashford L, et al. (2018). Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2818%2930293-9
• Stover J, Hardee K, Ganatra B, et al. (2016). Chapter 6: Interventions to Improve Reproductive Health. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361913/
• UN. (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf
• UN. (2020). Global Issues: Youth. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/youth-0/index.html
• UNAIDS. (2014). The Gap Report. Retrieved from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf.
• UNESCO. (2015). Comprehensive Sexuality education: a global review. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235707
• UNFPA & Promundo. (2016). Adolescent Boys and Young Men: Engaging Them as Supporters of Gender Equality and Health and Understanding their Vulnerabilities. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Adolescent_Boys_and_Young_Men-SINGLE_PAGES-web.pdf
• UNFPA. (2014). Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/resources/adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health
• UNFPA. (2014). International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/publications/international-conference-population-and-development-programme-action
• UNFPA. (2016). Adolescent Girls in Disaster & Conflict: Interventions for Improving Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA-Adolescent_Girls_in_Disaster_Conflict-Web.pdf
• UNFPA. (2018). Five things you didn’t know about disability and sexual violence. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/news/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-disability-and-sexual-violence#:~:text=A%20global%20study%20from%20UNFPA,particularly%20vulnerable%20to%20sexual%20violence
• UNFPA. (2018). The Power of Choice: Reproductive Rights and the Demographic Transition. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_PUB_2018_EN_SWP.pdf
• UNHCR. (2017). Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys: In the Syria Crisis. Retrieve from https://data2.unhcr.org/es/documents/download/60864
• UNHCR. (2017). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf
• UNICEF, UN Women, UNFPA, ILO and OSRSG/VAC. (2013). Breaking the Silence on Violence Against Indigenous Girls, Adolescents and Young Women. Received from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/VAIWG_FINAL.pdf
• UNICEF. (2011). Early and Late Adolescence. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/Early-and-late-adolescence.pdf
• UNICEF. (2014). A statistical Snapshot of Violence Against Adolescent Girls. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/A_Statistical_Snapshot_of_Violence_Against_Adolescent_Girls.pdf
• UNICEF. (2019). Adolescent Demographics. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/demographics/
• UNICEF. (2019). Adolescent Overview. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/overview/
  
• UNICEF. (2020). HIV and AIDS in Adolescents. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/hiv-aids/#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20about%201.6%20million,of%20new%20adult%20HIV%20infections
• UNICEF. (2015). Press release: Adolescent deaths from AIDS tripled since 2000. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/media_86384.html
• UNICEF. (2019). Early Childbearing. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/adolescent-health/
• UNICEF. Adolescents in Humanitarian Action. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/adolescence/humanitarian-action
• United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
• United Nations. (2006) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html
• Watson M. (2019). Millions of Child Widows Forgotten, Invisible and Vulnerable. Retrieved from https://www.soroptimistinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ChildWidowsReport_2018_CB.pdf
• WHO. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf
• WHO. (2006). Orientation Programme on Adolescent Health for Health-care Providers: Handout New Modules. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/pdfs/9241591269_op_handout.pdf
• WHO. (2006). Unsafe Abortion: The Preventable Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/article_unsafe_abortion.pdf
• WHO. (2009). Healing Child Soldiers. Retrieved from WHO. (2009). Healing Child Soldiers. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/5/09-020509/en/
• WHO. (2017). More than 1.2 million adolescents die every year, nearly all preventable. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/16-05-2017-more-than-1-2-million-adolescents-die-every-year-nearly-all-preventable
• WHO. (2017). Q&A: Adolescent Health and Development. Retrieved from www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/development/en/
• WHO. (2018). Adolescents: health risks and solutions. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
• WHO. (2020). Achieving Universal Health Coverage for the World’s 1.2 Billion Adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/adolescence/universal-health-coverage/en/
• WHO. (2020). Adolescent health and development. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/q-a-detail/adolescent-health-and-development
• WHO. (2020). Adolescent Health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-top...;
• WHO. (2020). Adolescent Mental Health: Key Facts. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
• WHO. (2020). Adolescent Pregnancy: Key Facts. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
• WHO. (2020). South-east Asia—Adolescent Health: Overview. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/adolescent-health#:~:text=Adolescents%20are%20not%20a%20homogeneous,place%20at%20the%20same%20time
• WHO. (2020). The Changing World of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2020-the-changing-world-of-adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights
• WHO. Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Adolescents (%). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2480
• WHO. Why Invest in Adolescent Health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/why-invest/en/
• WHO. (2009). Violence Prevention the Evidence: Changing Cultural and Social Norms That Support Violence. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf.
• WHO. (2015). The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescent’s Health (2016-2030). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/globalstrategyreport2016-2030-lowres.pdf
• Women Deliver. (2018). Report: Addressing the needs of adolescent girls in humanitarian settings. Retrieved from https://womendeliver.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/WP1627-Report.pdf
• Women’s Refugee Commission. (2014). Very Young Adolescents in Humanitarian Settings: Examining the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Risks. Retrieved from https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/research-resources/very-young-adolescents-in-humanitarian-settings-examining-the-sexual-and-reproductive-health-needs-and-risks/
• Women’s Refugee Commission. (2014). Very Young Adolescents in Humanitarian Settings: Examining the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Risks. Retrieved from https://www.womensrefugeecommi...
• Women’s Refugee Commission. (2019). More Than One Million Pains: Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys on the Central Mediterranean Route to Italy. Retrieved from https://li1248-130.members.linode.com/component/zdocs/document?id=1698-libya-italy-report-03-2019-pdf
• WRC. (2015). Including Adolescent Girls with Disabilities in Humanitarian Programs: Principles and Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/research-resources/girls-disabilities-2015/
• Youth Power. (2020). Very Young Adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.youthpower.org/youthpower-issues/topics/very-young-adolescents